Integrated Pest Management (IPM) combines which of the following?

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a holistic approach to managing pests that combines multiple strategies into a single, cohesive plan. This comprehensive method includes various tactics, such as biological, cultural, physical, and chemical control measures, to effectively manage pest populations while minimizing environmental impact and promoting sustainability.

By integrating different control tactics, IPM allows for a more adaptable and resilient approach to pest management. For instance, it takes into account the life cycle of pests, their natural enemies, and environmental conditions to make informed decisions about when and how to intervene. This approach reduces the reliance on any single method, such as chemical pesticides, and instead promotes a balanced ecosystem that supports the natural regulation of pest populations.

In contrast, the other options focus on limited aspects of pest control. For example, focusing solely on biological and chemical controls or only cultural methods would not encompass the full range of strategies that IPM advocates. The aim of IPM is to ensure effective and sustainable pest management solutions, which is why combining various pest control tactics is vital.